Coral reefs could be 'wiped out by 2050', new report warns
But new research suggests that many of the planet's coral reefs could be obliterated by 2050 due to pollution, climate change and over-fishing.
Reefs across the planet - from the Indian Ocean to Australia, and the in Caribbean - are at 'dire risk' of being wiped out, researchers have warned.
Stunning: Coral reefs like Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia could be wiped out by 2050, researchers have warned
Underwater: Pollution, climate change and overfishing have been blamed in the report for damaging coral reefs
The threat has emerged in the report 'Reefs at Risk', put together by the World Resources Institute in Washington and 25 other organisations.
'Mounting pressures on land, along the coast and in the water converge in a perfect storm of threats to reefs,' says Jane Lubchenco, administrator at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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'Since the last 'Reefs at Risk' report ... threats have gone from worrisome to dire.'It's pretty clear that reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, is absolutely necessary if we want any hope of preventing a lot of the dire situations that are presented in the report.'
Warmer seas caused by global warming; ocean acidification blamed on carbon dioxide pollution; shipping, overfishing, coastal development and agricultural run-off all pose a threat to coral reefs, sa! ys the r eport.
The last study, released in 1998, found nearly 60 percent of coral reefs were threatened by human activity.
At risk: Countries that depend on the reefs for food and income from activities such as diving could be severely affected by the changes
Protected species: Over fishing is another factor that has damaged coral reefs in more than 100 countries around the world
More than 500 million people around the world depend on coral reefs for food and income; the report estimated coral reefs provide 18billion a year in benefits.
The carbon dioxide emissions that fuel climate change also contribute to making oceans more acidic, which impedes coral formation. In addition, warmer sea surface temperatures cause damaging coral bleaching, the report said.
Local pressures include over-fishing, destructive fishing methods such as explosives or poison, pollution from farm chemical run-off, unchecked coastal development, ships that drag anchors and chains across the reefs and unsustainable tourism.
Damaged: Rubbish is left on Kailua Beach, Hawaii where precious corals have been crunched by reef-hopping snorkellers
If these threats don't change, more than 90 percent of reefs will be at risk by 2030 and nearly all reefs will be at risk by 2050, the researchers found.
More than 275 million people live within 18 miles of coral reefs. In more than 100 countries, coral reefs protect over 93,000 miles of shorelines.
The report identified 27 nations - most in the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Indian oceans - that are socially and economically vulnerable if coral reefs are degraded or lost.
Among those 27, the nine most vulnerable are Comoros, Fij! i, Grena da, Haiti, Indonesia, Kiribati, Philippines, Tanzania and Vanuatu.
Local efforts to curb over-fishing and protect reefs are a known part of the solution, while limiting climate-warming emissions is more challenging, the advocates said.
The report's lead author Lauretta Burke says the situation is 'a perfect storm' of threats.
She explains: 'Make no mistake. This is a critical time for ocean eco-systems in general but especially for coral reefs.
'It will take a Herculean effort to rescue the current trajectory and leave a healthy eco-system to our children and grandchildren.'
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